电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（Battery）指(zhi)盛有(you)(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)质溶液和(he)金属电(dian)(dian)(dian)极以产(chan)生电(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)杯(bei)、槽(cao)或其(qi)他容器或复(fu)合容器的(de)部分空间，能(neng)(neng)将化学能(neng)(neng)转化成电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。具有(you)(you)正(zheng)极、负极之分。随着(zhe)科技的(de)进(jin)步，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)泛指(zhi)能(neng)(neng)产(chan)生电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)小型装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。如太阳能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)性能(neng)(neng)参数(shu)主要有(you)(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)动势、容量(liang)、比能(neng)(neng)量(liang)和(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。利用电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作为能(neng)(neng)量(liang)来源，可以得到(dao)具有(you)(you)稳定电(dian)(dian)(dian)压，稳定电(dian)(dian)(dian)流，长时间稳定供电(dian)(dian)(dian)，受外界(jie)影(ying)(ying)响很(hen)小的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)且电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)结构简单，携带(dai)方(fang)便，充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)操作简便易行，不受外界(jie)气候和(he)温度的(de)影(ying)(ying)响，性能(neng)(neng)稳定可靠，在(zai)现(xian)代社会生活中的(de)各(ge)个方(fang)面(mian)发挥有(you)(you)很(hen)大作用。

在(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)学(xue)(xue)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)学(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接转变为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)靠(kao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)内(nei)部(bu)自(zi)(zi)发进行氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、还(hai)原等化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)学(xue)(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)结果，这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)分别在(zai)(zai)两(liang)个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上进行。负极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)质由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位较(jiao)负并(bing)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质中稳定(ding)的(de)还(hai)原剂(ji)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，如(ru)锌(xin)、镉、铅等活(huo)(huo)(huo)泼(po)金属和氢或碳(tan)氢化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)等。正极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)质由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位较(jiao)正并(bing)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质中稳定(ding)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)剂(ji)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，如(ru)二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)锰(meng)、二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)铅、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)镍(nie)等金属氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)或空气，卤(lu)素及(ji)其盐(yan)类，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)酸(suan)及(ji)其盐(yan)类等。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质则是(shi)具有(you)良好离(li)子(zi)导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)材料，如(ru)酸(suan)、碱(jian)、盐(yan)的(de)水溶液(ye)，有(you)机(ji)或无机(ji)非水溶液(ye)、熔融盐(yan)或固体电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质等。当外电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)断开时(shi)(shi)，两(liang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之间虽然有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)（开路(lu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压），但没有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，存储在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)学(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)并(bing)不转换为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。当外电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)闭(bi)合时(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)两(liang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)的(de)作用下(xia)即有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)过(guo)外电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。同时(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)内(nei)部(bu)，由(you)于电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质中不存在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)传(chuan)递(di)必然伴随(sui)两(liang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性物(wu)质与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质界面(mian)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)或还(hai)原反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)，以及(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)和反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)产物(wu)的(de)物(wu)质迁(qian)移。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质中的(de)传(chuan)递(di)也要由(you)离(li)子(zi)的(de)迁(qian)移来完成(cheng)(cheng)。因(yin)此，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)内(nei)部(bu)正常(chang)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)传(chuan)递(di)和物(wu)质传(chuan)递(di)过(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)保证(zheng)正常(chang)输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)必要条件。充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)内(nei)部(bu)的(de)传(chuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和传(chuan)质过(guo)程(cheng)的(de)方向恰与(yu)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相反(fan)(fan)(fan)；电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)必须是(shi)可(ke)逆的(de)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)保证(zheng)反(fan)(fan)(fan)方向传(chuan)质与(yu)传(chuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)的(de)正常(chang)进行。因(yin)此，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)可(ke)逆是(shi)构成(cheng)(cheng)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)必要条件。G为(wei)吉布斯反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)自(zi)(zi)由(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)增量（焦）；F为(wei)法(fa)拉第(di)常(chang)数=96500库=26.8安·小时(shi)(shi)；n为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)当量数。这(zhei)(zhei)是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动势与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)之间的(de)基本热(re)力(li)学(xue)(xue)关系(xi)式(shi)，也是(shi)计算(suan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量转换效率(lv)的(de)基本热(re)力(li)学(xue)(xue)方程(cheng)式(shi)。实际上，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)(shi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)势都要偏离(li)热(re)力(li)学(xue)(xue)平衡的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)势，这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)现象称为(wei)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度（单(dan)位电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)积上通(tong)过(guo)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)）越大，极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)越严重(zhong)。极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)现象是(shi)造成(cheng)(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量损失的(de)重(zhong)要原因(yin)之一。

极化的原因有三：

①由(you)电池中各部分电阻造成的极(ji)化(hua)称为欧姆极(ji)化(hua)；

②由电(dian)极(ji)－电(dian)解质界面层中(zhong)电(dian)荷传递过程的阻滞造成的极(ji)化(hua)(hua)称为活化(hua)(hua)极(ji)化(hua)(hua)；

③由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)－电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)界面层(ceng)中传质(zhi)过(guo)程(cheng)迟缓而造成的(de)极(ji)(ji)化(hua)称(cheng)为浓差极(ji)(ji)化(hua)。减小极(ji)(ji)化(hua)的(de)方法(fa)是(shi)增大电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)反应面积、减小电(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度(du)、提高反应温度(du)以及改善电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)表面的(de)催化(hua)活性(xing)。